Operator
Assignment Operator
- The assignment operator in Java language is used to assign a value to a variable.
- Syntax:
variable name = expression;
- where an expression may be a single constant or complex as required.
Types of Assignment Operators:
(1) “=”:
- It is a simple assignment operator.
Example:
ch=’a’;
x=50;
- It is used to assign the value to the variable present on the left side of the operator.
(2) “+=”:
- It is the combination of two operators, i.e., ‘+’ and ‘=’.
Example:
(x += y) is same as (x = x+y)
- It first adds the current value of the variable on the left side of the ‘+’ operator to the value on the right side of the operator ‘=’.
- It then assigns the result to the variable on the left.
(3) “-=”:
- This operator is the combination of two operators, i.e., ‘-‘ and ‘=’.
Example:
(x-=y) is same as (x=x-y)
- It first subtracts the current value of the variable on the left side of the ‘-‘ operator to the value on the right side of the operator ‘=’.
- It then assigns the obtained result to the variable on the left.
(4) “*=”:
- This operator is combination of two operators i.e., ‘* ‘and ‘=’.
Example:
(x *= y) is same as (x= x * y)
- It first multiplies the current value of the variable on the left side of the ‘*’ operator to the value on the right side of the operator ‘=’.
- It then assigns the obtained result to the variable on the left.
(5) “/=”:
- This operator is the combination of two operators, i.e., ‘/’and ‘=’.
Example:
(x /= y) is same as (x = x/ y)
- It first divides the current value of the variable on the left side of the ‘/’ operator to the value on the right side of the operator ‘=’.
- It then assigns the obtained result to the variable on the left.
(6)”%=”:
- This operator is the combination of two operators, i.e., ‘% ‘and ‘=’.
Example:
(x %= y) is same as (x = x% y)
- It first divides the current value of the variable on the left side of the ‘%’ operator to the value on the right side of the operator ‘=’.
- It then assigns the obtained remainder of the division to the variable on the left.
Example Program:
Output:
Arithmetic Operator
Arithmetic Operator
An arithmetic operator performs common mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and modulus on numerical values (constants and variables).
Different types of Arithmetic Operators:
(1) ‘+’:
It performs the addition of two values.
Example:
x + y
(2) ‘-‘:
It performs the subtraction of one value with another.
Example:
x – y
(3) ‘*’:
It performs the multiplication of two values.
Example:
x * y
(4) ‘/’:
It performs the division of one value with another.
Example:
x / y
(5) ‘%’:
It provides the Remainder after dividing two values.
Example:
x % y
Example:
Output:
Increment Operator
Increment Operator
- Java includes increment operator “++” to simplify common operations.
- The increment operator “++” adds 1 to its operand, and its value gets modified.
Example:
x = x+1;
is the same as
++x;
- Increment operator may be either precede (prefix) or follow (postfix) the operand.
Example:
x = x+1;
can be written
++x; or x++;
- In Java, we can’t apply increment operator to the variables declared as final because their value cannot be modified.
- We cannot use increment operator with boolean.
Example Program:
package Sample;
public class IncrementOperator {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a = 10;
int b = ++a;
System.out.println(b);
}
}
Output:
11
Decrement Operator
- Java includes decrement operator “–” to simplify common operation.
- The decrement operator “–” subtracts 1 to its operand, and its value gets modified.
Example:
x = x-1;
is the same as
–x;
- Decrement operator may be either precede (prefix) or follow (postfix) the operand.
Example:
x = x-1;
can be written
–x; or x–;
- In Java, we can’t apply increment operator to the variables declared as final because their value cannot be modified.
- We cannot use increment operator with boolean.
Example Program:
package Sample;
public class DecrementOperator {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a = 10;
int b = –a;
System.out.println(b);
}
}
Output:
9
Relational Operators
- Relational operators are used to check the type of relationship between two values.
Different types of Relational Operators:
= =
!=
>
<
>=
<=
- ‘==’:
It is known as “Equal to operator”.
It checks whether the two given values are equal or not. If they are equal, then it returns true or else false.
Example:
2==3 returns false.
4==4 returns true.
- “!=”:
- It is known as “Not equal to operator”.
- It is the Boolean complement of the “==” operator.
- It checks whether the two given values are equal or not. If so, then it returns true or else false.
Example:
2!=5 returns true.
1!=1 returns false.
- “>”:
- It is known as “Greater than operator”.
- It checks whether the left side value of”>” is greater than the right side value or not.
- If they are greater, then it returns true or else false.
Example:
2>5 returns false.
4>1 returns true.
- “<“:
- It is known as “Lesser than operator”.
- It checks whether the left side value of “< “is lesser than the right side value or not.
- If it is lesser, then it returns true or else false.
Example:
5<2 returns true.
3<5 returns false.
- “>=”:
- It is known as “Greater than or equal to operator”.
- It checks whether the left side value of “>=” is greater than the right side value or not.
- If so, then it returns true or else false.
Example:
3>=3 returns true.
2<=1 returns false.
- “<=”:
- It is known as “Less than or equal to operator”.
- It checks whether the left side value of “<=” is lesser than or equal to the right side value or not.
- If so, then it returns true or else false.
Example:
2<=5 returns true.
5<=1 returns false.
Program:
package Sample;
public class RelationalOperators {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 5, b = 10;
System.out.println(“a= ” + a + ” & b = ” + b);
System.out.println(a == b);
System.out.println(a != b);
System.out.println(a > b);
System.out.println(a < b);
System.out.println(a >= b);
System.out.println(a <= b);
}
}
Output:
a= 5 & b = 10
false
true
false
true
false
true
Logical Operator
- Logical operators are used in decision making in Java.
- There are three logical operators supported by the Java language.
They are shown below:
(1) &&
(2) ||
(3) !
- ‘&&’ operator:
- It is known as Logical AND operator.
- It returns true when both the given conditions are satisfied. Otherwise, returns false.
Example:
x && y returns true when both a and b are true or else returns false.
- ‘||’ operator:
- It is known as a Logical OR operator.
- It returns true even if one or both given conditions are satisfied. Otherwise, returns false.
Example:
x || y returns true if x or y or both are true. Otherwise, returns false.
- ‘!’ operator:
- It is known as Logical NOT operator.
- The ‘!’operator returns true if the given condition is not satisfied. Otherwise, returns false.
Example:
!x returns true if x is false. Otherwise, returns false.
Program:
package Sample;
public class LogicalOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 3, b = 5, c = 8;
System.out.println(“a= ” + a + ” & b = ” + b + ” & c = ” + c);
System.out.println((b > a) && (c > b));
System.out.println((b > a) && (c < b));
System.out.println((b < a) || (c > b));
System.out.println((b < a) || (c < b));
System.out.println(!(b == a));
System.out.println(!(a > c));
}
}
Output:
a= 3 & b = 5 & c = 8
true
false
true
false
true
true
Bitwise Operator
Bitwise Operator
- Bitwise operators in Java are used for testing, shifting, setting the actual bits into a byte or word.
- We cannot use bitwise operations on the float, double, long double, void, or other more complex types.
Bitwise Operators are shown below:
(1) &
(2) |
(3) ^
(4) <<
(5) >>
(6) ~
(7) >>>
- ‘&’ Operator:
It is known as Bitwise AND Operator.
- It takes two numbers as operands and performs AND operation on every bit of two numbers.
- If both the given bits are 1, then the result of AND operation is 1.
Program:
package Sample;
public class BitwiseAND {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a = 2, b = 3;
System.out.println(“a & b = ” + (a & b));
}
}
Output:
a & b = 2
- ‘|’ Operator:
It is known as Bitwise OR Operator.
- It takes two numbers as operands and performs OR operation on every bit of two numbers.
- If one of the given two bits is 1, then the result of OR Operation is 1.
Program:
package Sample;
public class BitwiseOR {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a = 2, b = 3;
System.out.println(“a | b = ” + (a | b));
}
}
Output:
a | b = 3
- ‘^’ Operator:
- It is known as the Bitwise XOR operator.
- It takes two numbers as operands and performs an XOR operation on every bit of two numbers.
- If two bits are different, then the result of the XOR operation is 1.
Program:
package Sample;
public class BitwiseXOR {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a = 9, b = 8;
System.out.println(“a ^ b= ” + (a ^ b));
}
}
Output:
a ^ b= 1
- ‘<<‘ Operator:
- It is known as the Left Shift operator.
- It takes two numbers as operands.
- It left shifts the bits of the first operand, and the second operand defines the number of places to shift.
Program:
package Sample;
public class LeftShiftOperator {
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a = 10;
System.out.println(“a<<1 = ” + (a << 1));
}
}
Output:
a<<1 = 20
- ‘>>’ Operator:
- It is known as the Right Shift operator.
- It takes two numbers; right shifts the bits of the first operand and the second operand defines the number of places to shift.
Program:
package Sample;
public class RightShiftOperator {
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a = 40;
System.out.println(“a>>2 = ” + (a >>2));
}
}
Output:
a>>2 = 10
- ‘~’ Operator:
- It is known as Bitwise NOT Operator.
- It takes one number and compliments all bits of it.
Program:
package Sample;
public class BitwiseNOT {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a = 5;
System.out.println(“~a = ” + (~a));
}
}
Output:
~a = -6
- ‘>>>’ Operator:
- It is known as Unsigned Right Shift Operator.
- It shifts a zero at the leftmost position and fills 0.
Example:
If x=11100000 and y=2, find x>>>y?
x >>> y = 11100000 >>> 2 = 00111000
Program:
package Sample;
public class UnsignedRightShift {
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a = 20;
System.out.println(“a>>>2 = ” + (a >>>2));
}
}
Output:
a>>>2 = 5
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- This course is designed for the students, employees, software programmers who want to learn Java programming from scratch to end.
- After successfully completing this course you will be able to understand how the Java programming works and use it in the real time environment.
Prerequisites before starting this course:
- Before entering into this course you should have the basic understanding of how computer technology works.
- If you don’t have any experience in Java or any other programming language then this course is for you.
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